An infographic explaining the ‘LIFE’ approach to behavior change. The top of the page features a subheading reading “A Modern Approach To Thinking About Ethics and Animal Training.” Below that subheading is the title “LIFE: LEAST INHIBITIVE, FUNCTIONALLY EFFECTIVE.” Dark blue silhouettes of a turtle, horse, cat, parrot, penguin, dolphin, dog, and a bear are shown around “LIFE” both behind and in front of the text.

Under the title is a paragraph of text reading, “The Least Inhibitive, Functionally Effective (LIFE) approach provides a framework that adheres closely to the behavioral and welfare-focused sciences. It considers the impact of training methods on the wellbeing of both human and non-human lives.

The LIFE approach emphasizes the important interplay between training success and positive welfare.”

The bottom half of the page features three light blue rectangles.

The first blue box is titled “INCREASE MEANINGFUL CHOICES.” The left of the box shows a drawing of a horse with four arrows, labeled “CHOICES,” pointing to a circled “R.” The text in the box reads: “Least inhibitive means removing choice restrictions to increase quality of life. -Avoid environmental restrictions to motivate behavior, such as food deprivation. -Improve meaningful options by expanding response alternatives and behavioral repertoires.”

The middle blue box is titled “IDENTIFY BEHAVIORAL FUNCTIONS.” The left of the box shows a drawing of a dog barking, with an arrow pointing from the dog to a circled question mark, contained within a blue outline labeled “CONTEXT”. Below the context box are three curved dotted line arrows pointing to the question mark. The dog is drawn happy by these dotted arrows and labeled “PLANS.” The text in the box reads: “Assess causes of a behavior so that we can directly connect them to behavior change plans. -Collect data based on observations and behavior change manipulations. -Match causes of a behavior so that we can directly connect them to behavior change plans.”

The bottom blue box is titled “MAXIMIZE TRAINING SUCCESS.” The left of the box shows a drawing of the same cat twice contained within a circle. The bottom of the circle is labeled “- WELFARE +” The cat on the left is depicted cowering, while on the right the cat looks pleased. The text in the box reads: “Effectiveness is only one component of success. Impact of training on welfare is also important. -Consider other welfare impacts, such as context and human-animal interactions. -Training success includes positive welfare during and after training sessions.”